The Middle East has witnessed numerous crises, including the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), which drew Arab states to Saddam Hussein's side, creating a divide between Arab and Iranian Gulf states. From June 2017 to January 2021, Qatar faced a blockade by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain, cutting diplomatic, trade, and transport ties. Iran and Turkey provided military, logistical, and economic assistance to Qatar. In 2014, when Yemeni Houthis captured Sana and overthrew the government, a Saudi and UAE-led coalition requested Pakistan's troops, but Pakistan's parliament declined unanimously.
Need for a New Security Framework
Given the current Iran-Israel-US conflict, the region requires a new internal security framework. China, as an emerging superpower with strong ties to all Gulf states, could act as a balancing actor. Unlike the US, China has shown no neo-colonial ambitions, and its history lacks hegemonic expansionism. Pakistan and Turkey can also contribute significantly. Pakistan is a nuclear power, while Turkey is a NATO member with a strong military. Since 2025, Pakistan has a defence pact with Saudi Arabia, and it maintains trusted relations with Iran. Their inclusion in a Gulf defence system could hinder Israel's expansionist agenda.
Iran's Proposal
Dr. Javad Zarif, former Iranian Foreign Minister, proposed a regional defence architecture without foreign involvement. Iran previously offered non-aggression pacts, like the 2019 Hormuz Peace Endeavour, but Gulf monarchies rejected them. However, current threats may prompt reconsideration, as any monarchy could be next.
International Order
There is a need to strengthen the post-1945 international order under the UN Charter, undermined by US and Israeli actions. International law is often disregarded, as seen in civilian massacres and attacks on infrastructure. Gulf monarchies must realize that genuine stability comes from within the region.
Dr Farooq Hasnat is a Professor of Politics & International Relations, and Dr Zamurrad Awan is Associate Professor of Political Science at Forman Christian College.
