A new study by the United Nations University (UNU) warns that the rapid growth of artificial intelligence could place unprecedented pressure on global energy, water, and land resources, with developing regions in Asia expected to face significant impacts.
Key Findings of the UNU-INWEH Report
The report, titled The Environmental Cost of Artificial Intelligence: Carbon, Water and Land Footprints, was published by the UNU Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH). It highlights that AI's environmental footprint extends far beyond carbon emissions and is growing at a pace that could strain natural resources worldwide.
Energy Consumption
AI-related electricity consumption is projected to increase sharply by 2030, requiring nearly three times the annual power consumption of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nigeria combined — countries with a total population of about 650 million people.
Carbon Emissions
The study estimates that AI systems could generate up to 400 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions annually by the end of the decade, roughly equivalent to the UK's current emissions.
Water Usage
By 2030, AI infrastructure could require around 9.3 trillion litres of water annually, an amount comparable to the domestic water needs of 1.3 billion people in sub-Saharan Africa.
Land Footprint
Land occupied by AI-related infrastructure, including data centers and energy facilities, could exceed 14,500 square kilometers.
Disproportionate Impact on Developing Regions
UNU researchers warned that while the benefits of AI are concentrated in a handful of countries, the environmental costs are likely to be borne disproportionately by other regions, including parts of Asia where water stress and energy demand are already rising.
Calls for Action
The report calls for greater transparency from technology companies, stronger environmental governance, and international cooperation to ensure AI development remains sustainable.
