How would you grade America's first 250 years? That's the question posed to historian and professor Heather Cox Richardson on this week's episode of America, Actually. All grades are subjective, and the rubric of whether America earns a passing grade depends on perspective. The best grade given was a B-/C+. The enduring model of multiracial democracy, however fragile, deserves credit. American inventions, academic institutions, and cultural impact also contribute positively. However, demerits include the permanent underclass capitalism requires, injustices at home and abroad, and preferring the wrong type of football.
Richardson's View on Reinvention
Richardson sees the country entering a period of enormous change, particularly as President Donald Trump reshapes government to serve his desires. She argues that America has historically dealt with new challenges by expanding democracy to adhere more closely to foundational documents. The seeds for reinvention come from the arts: music, art, new languages, and clothing styles. Americans reach back for their stories and traditions to see where others have exercised agency to bring best traditions into law.
Current Political Climate
Trump is the outcome of 40 years of right-wing rhetoric adopted by the Republican Party. He empowered racist and sexist elements, turning democracy into a personalist autocracy. However, Richardson believes America's system is not deeply flawed; rather, many dropped the ball after the 1960s and 1970s. The radical right stepped in to give people a national narrative that made their agency feel important.
Trump's actions since retaking office in January 2025 have made it clear that guardrails of democracy can be challenged. This has spurred engagement in protecting democracy, similar to previous eras like the 1850s and 1890s. Richardson emphasizes that Americans are now stepping into the fray to reclaim democracy and adjust to new conditions.
